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+# Windows used to solve problems
+
+[Slides Source]() || [PDF version]()
+
+**Created: 14 October 2022** || **Edited: 10 November 2022**
+
+&&presentation
+
+&&slide &&flexer &&centered
+
+# How windows came to power
+
+The (primarily) American perspective
+
+&&/centered
+
+&&flexer
+
+&&font18 &&frow
+
+Presentation by Kamen Mladenov
+
+&&flexer &&fright
+
+Sofia University, Computer Science, Semester III
+
+&&/fright
+&&/frow &&/font
+&&/slide
+
+
+&&font27 &&slide
+
+## 1980-1987: The era of home computers
+
+&&frow
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/MOS_6502AD_4585_top.jpg)
+
+**Really cheap**: 25$ per piece, ⅙ the price of the competition  
+**Really simple**: 56 instructions, ½ of the Intel 8080
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&font18 &&frow
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg/1920px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg)  
+Commodore 64: Most sold computer at ~17 million units sold
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/BBC_Micro_Front_Restored.jpg)  
+BBC Micro: UK's educational computer, sold ~1.5 million units
+
+&&/frow &&/font
+
+&&/slide &&/font
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## No user interface: you were the programmer!
+
+&&font27 &&frow
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Commodore64_directory_listing_16.png)
+
+"Open" a floppy disk's contents?  
+```
+LOAD "$",8
+```  
+List files in a floppy disk?  
+```
+LIST
+```  
+Save a file to a floppy disk?  
+```
+SAVE "myfile",8
+```
+
+
+&&/frow &&/font
+
+&&frow
+
+&&fright
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/GEOS_floppy.jpg)
+&&/fright
+
+&&font18
+![](http://toastytech.com/guis/c64gmenu1.gif)  
+Available graphical OSs were computer-specific and limited
+&&/font
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## IBM joins the fight... kinda
+
+&&frow
+
+
+&&font27 &&fright
+<br>
+Debuted in 1981.  
+By 1983 they sold **730,000 units**.  
+By 1984 they had amassed **$4 billion in revenue**.  
+By 1985 **over half** of American companies with personal computers used it.  
+&&/fright &&/font
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ibm_px_xt_color.jpg/1280px-Ibm_px_xt_color.jpg)  
+IBM PC (5150)
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&frow
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/PC_DOS_1.10_screenshot.png)  
+Most common OS was MS-DOS
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IBM_4381.jpg/1920px-IBM_4381.jpg)  
+IBM mostly did business-oriented mainframes
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## PC-compatibles and Apple
+
+&&frow
+
+![](https://www.minuszerodegrees.net/oa/IBM_6322509.jpg)
+
+&&font27
+<br>
+IBM used off-the-shelf components and published full technical documentation.  
+PC-compatible machines filled the market.  
+By 1988, MS-DOS software comprised 77% of all sold software.  
+&&/font
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&frow
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Apple_Lisa_Computer.jpg)
+Apple popularized the UI, first with the Apple Lisa
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Computer_macintosh_128k%2C_1984_%28all_about_Apple_onlus%29.jpg/1024px-Computer_macintosh_128k%2C_1984_%28all_about_Apple_onlus%29.jpg)  
+and then with the Apple Macintosh from 1984
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+&&flexer &&centered &&font27
+
+# The game is on ... or is it really?
+
+&&/font &&/centered &&flexer
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## Windows didn't really have competition...
+
+Applications made their own graphics
+
+&&frow
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Wordperfect-5.1-dos.png)
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Norton-utilities-6.0.png)
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/DeluxePaint_Screenshot.png)
+
+&&/frow
+
+VisiCorp, the people behind Visi On, self-destructed. However, the product inspired Windows.
+
+&&frow
+
+![](http://toastytech.com/guis/visionall.png)
+
+&&font27  
+"Corporate civil war"  
+- Important programmers and staff left  
+- It was expensive and required too much resources
+&&/font
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## ... in the DOS PC market ...
+
+&&fcol
+&&frow
+
+GEM tried, but it mostly lived with the Atari computers.  
+![](http://toastytech.com/guis/gem11overlap.png)
+
+DeskMate was for the TRS-80  
+![](http://toastytech.com/guis/pdmabout.png)
+
+&&/frow
+
+&&frow
+
+Amiga Workbench was for ... the Amiga  
+![](http://toastytech.com/guis/amiga1filesfolders.png)
+
+RISC OS was for the Acorn line of computers
+![](https://www.nightfallcrew.com/wp-content/gallery/test-of-the-correct-operation-of-a-acorn-archimedes-a420i/IMG_1212.jpg?8f6a0c)
+
+&&/frow
+&&/fcol
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## ... and in the general computer market ...
+
+UNIX was used and created for fancy expensive machines, to do fancy expensive stuff
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/IBM_3090_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun386i_%281%29.jpg/800px-Sun386i_%281%29.jpg)
+
+OS/2 was 32bit based, so they didn't target the millions of 16bit machines
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png)
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Os2-1.1-desktop.png)
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## ... but people still weren't excited, until 3.0
+
+Byte magazine put the article on the cover, but didn't say much for versions leading up to 3.0
+
+&&frow
+
+![](https://ia801509.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/8/items/BYTE_Vol_15-06_1990-06_Windows_3.0/BYTE%20Vol%2015-06%201990-06%20Windows%203.0_jp2.zip&file=BYTE%20Vol%2015-06%201990-06%20Windows%203.0_jp2/BYTE%20Vol%2015-06%201990-06%20Windows%203.0_0000.jp2&id=BYTE_Vol_15-06_1990-06_Windows_3.0&scale=2&rotate=0)
+
+&&fcol
+
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/Windows_3.0_workspace.png)
+
+&&font27
+> &emsp; In the meantime, on both technical and strategic grounds, Windows 3.0 succeeds brilliantly. After years of twists and turns, Microsoft has finally nailed this product. Try it. You'll like it.
+&&/font
+
+&&/fcol
+&&/frow
+
+&&/slide
+
+
+
+
+&&slide
+
+## Attribution
+
+- Slide 2  
+  MOS 6502 processor - [Dirk Oppelt, CC BY-SA 3.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=91538)  
+  BBC Micro - [Stuart Bradyderivative, Public Domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11672213)  
+- Slide 3  
+  Commodore Directory listing - [Syp, CC0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60447956)  
+  GEOS floppy - [Auric, CC BY-SA 3.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29663306)  
+  GEOS screenshot - [Nathan Lineback](http://toastytech.com/guis/c64g.html); Used under Fair Use!  
+- Slide 4  
+  IBM PC photo - [Ruben de Rijcke, CC BY 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3610862)  
+  IBM 4381 mainframe - [\[Tycho\] talk](http://shansov.net)[, CC0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76415930)  
+  PC DOS screenshot - [Remember the dot, Public Domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15830013)  
+- Slide 5  
+  IBM Technical Reference picture - https://www.minuszerodegrees.net/  
+  Apple Lisa - [Timothy Colegrove, CC BY-SA 4.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123322968)  
+  Apple Macintosh - [Sailko, CC BY 3.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55033088)
+- Slide 7  
+  Deluxe Paint screenshot - [By Grabbed with E-UAE. Fair use](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45463614)  
+  Word Perfect screenshot - [By Own work, Public Domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19987888)  
+  Visi On screenshot - [By MESS, Fair use](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32263530)  
+  Norton Utilities screenshot - [By Peter Norton and later Ozzmosis, Public Domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11274398)  
+- Slide 8  
+  GEM 1.1 Screenshot - [Nathan Lineback](http://toastytech.com/guis/gem11.html); Used under Fair Use!  
+  Personal DeskMate screenshot - [Nathan Lineback](http://toastytech.com/guis/pdm.html); Used under Fair Use!  
+  Amiga Workbench screenshot - [Nathan Lineback](http://toastytech.com/guis/pdm.html); Used under Fair Use!  
+  Acorn Archimedes screenshot - [NightFallCrew](https://www.nightfallcrew.com/25/05/2014/test-of-the-correct-operation-of-a-acorn-archimedes-a420i/); Used under Fair Use!
+
+&&/slide
+
+&&slide
+
+- Slide 9  
+  IBM 3090 photo - [By Norsk Telemuseum](https://digitaltmuseum.org/021016855260/datamaskiner-norsk-data)[, CC BY-SA 3.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110960646)  
+  Sun386i photo - [By htomari](https://www.flickr.com/photos/htomari/8861168413/)[, CC BY-SA 2.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107749520)  
+  OS/2 text mode screenshot - [By Self made, Public Domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93311794)  
+  OS/2 1.1 screenshot - [By Self made, Fair use](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65000889)
+- Slide 10  
+  BYTE Magazine Screenshots - [archive.org](https://archive.org/details/BYTE\_Vol\_15-06\_1990-06\_Windows\_3.0/mode/2up); Used under Fair Use!  
+  Windows 3.0 Screenshot - [Uploaded by Tyomitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2611871); Used under Fair Use!
+
+
+&&/slide